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Diseases spread due to poor hygiene, natural disasters, crop failures, famine, cold, humidity, wars or animal-borne contagion.
In addition to the most common medieval disease – the plague, otherwise called the black death – other prevalent diseases were whooping cough, cholera, influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, typhus, leprosy, anthrax and diphtheria.
Other risks stemmed from general fungal infections or childbirth. People commonly suffered from parasites, bladder problems, kidney stones or hernias. Fractures were commonplace. Cataracts could only be excised by a surgeon or an executioner.
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